Carolina Bank Holdings Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Carolina Bank Holdings for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 1 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 1.006 | + | 0.892 * 0.9363 | + | 0.115 * 0.8939 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 1.0982 | + | 4.679 * -0.013137 | - | 0.327 * 1.8221 |
| = | -2.89 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (0 / 35.112) | / | (0 / 37.501) |
| = | 0 | / | 0 |
| | = | 1 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (37.501 / 37.501) | / | (35.112 / 35.112) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (67.604 + 18.389) / 708.89) | / | (1 - (68.066 + 19.135) / 688.974) |
| = | 0.878693 | / | 0.873434 |
| | = | 1.006 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 35.112 | / | 37.501 |
| | = | 0.9363 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (0.968 / (0.968 + 19.135)) | / | (1.047 / (1.047 + 18.389)) |
| = | 0.048152 | / | 0.053869 |
| | = | 0.8939 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (20.739 / 35.112) | / | (20.169 / 37.501) |
| = | 0.590653 | / | 0.537826 |
| | = | 1.0982 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((31.71 + 10.131) / 708.89) | / | ((22.317 + 0) / 688.974) |
| = | 0.059023 | / | 0.032392 |
| | = | 1.8221 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (4.944 - 0 | - | 14.257) | / | 708.89 |
| | = | -0.013137 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Carolina Bank Holdings has a M-score of -2.89 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
Carolina Bank Holdings (Carolina Bank Holdings) Business Description
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Carolina Bank Holdings Inc was incorporated under the laws of the State of North Carolina on August 16, 2000. It is a bank holding company for Carolina Bank. The Company is engaged in a general banking business in Guilford, Alamance, Randolph and Forsyth Counties, North Carolina. Its operations are mainly commercially oriented and directed to individuals and small to medium-sized businesses located in its market area and its deposits and loans are derived mainly from customers in its geographic market. The Company is considered to have three principal business segments Commercial/Retail Bank, the Mortgage Division, and the Holding Company. The mortgage division originates residential mortgage loans through other banks and brokers in addition to retail loan officers, who are located in five loan production offices and in five of its banking offices, and sells the loans to investors. The Company's primary service area consists of the Cities of Greensboro, High Point, Burlington, Winston-Salem and Asheboro, North Carolina and the areas immediately surrounding Greensboro, High Point, Burlington, Winston-Salem and Asheboro, all of which are located in Guilford, Alamance, Forsyth and Randolph Counties, North Carolina. Residential mortgage loan production offices are located in Burlington, Chapel Hill, Hillsborough, Raleigh and Sanford, NC. The Company competes directly for deposits in its primary service area with other commercial banks, savings banks, credit unions, agencies issuing United States government securities and all other organizations and institutions engaged in money market transactions, in lending activities, the bank competes with all other financial institutions. The Company is subject to supervision, examination and regulation by the North Carolina Office of the Commissioner of Banks ("Commissioner") and the FDIC and to North Carolina and federal statutory and regulatory provisions governing such matters as capital standards, mergers, subsidiary investments and establishment of branch offices.
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