Upstart Holdings Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Upstart Holdings for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 1.3623 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 1.0254 | + | 0.892 * 0.8142 | + | 0.115 * 0.573 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 0.9523 | + | 4.679 * -0.074243 | - | 0.327 * 0.8989 |
| = | -2.66 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Mar24) TTM: | Last Year (Mar23) TTM: |
Total Receivables was €49.7 Mil.
Revenue was 117.57 + 123.675 + 126.08 + 125.312 = €492.6 Mil.
Gross Profit was 117.57 + 123.675 + 126.08 + 125.312 = €492.6 Mil.
Total Current Assets was €0.0 Mil.
Total Assets was €1,773.5 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was €85.1 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was €22.2 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was €459.7 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was €0.0 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was €656.1 Mil.
Net Income was -59.43 + -38.879 + -37.775 + -25.996 = €-162.1 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = €0.0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 48.412 + -131.784 + -96.917 + 149.876 = €-30.4 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was €44.8 Mil.
Revenue was 96.134 + 134.264 + 158.805 + 215.841 = €605.0 Mil.
Gross Profit was 96.134 + 134.264 + 158.805 + 215.841 = €605.0 Mil.
Total Current Assets was €0.0 Mil.
Total Assets was €1,701.5 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was €121.8 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was €16.4 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was €592.8 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was €0.0 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was €700.3 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (49.68 / 492.637) | / | (44.787 / 605.044) |
| = | 0.100845 | / | 0.074023 |
| | = | 1.3623 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (605.044 / 605.044) | / | (492.637 / 492.637) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (0 + 85.092) / 1773.454) | / | (1 - (0 + 121.755) / 1701.486) |
| = | 0.952019 | / | 0.928442 |
| | = | 1.0254 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 492.637 | / | 605.044 |
| | = | 0.8142 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (16.399 / (16.399 + 121.755)) | / | (22.235 / (22.235 + 85.092)) |
| = | 0.118701 | / | 0.207171 |
| | = | 0.573 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (459.675 / 492.637) | / | (592.809 / 605.044) |
| = | 0.933091 | / | 0.979778 |
| | = | 0.9523 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((656.081 + 0) / 1773.454) | / | ((700.274 + 0) / 1701.486) |
| = | 0.369945 | / | 0.411566 |
| | = | 0.8989 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (-162.08 - 0 | - | -30.413) | / | 1773.454 |
| | = | -0.074243 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Upstart Holdings has a M-score of -2.66 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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