CNP Assurances Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of CNP Assurances for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 0.795 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 1.0499 | + | 0.892 * 1.1755 | + | 0.115 * 1.3759 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 0.784 | + | 4.679 * -0.016321 | - | 0.327 * 0.9146 |
| = | -2.46 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec21) TTM: | Last Year (Dec20) TTM: |
Total Receivables was $2,984 Mil.
Revenue was $48,612 Mil.
Gross Profit was $48,612 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $373,845 Mil.
Total Assets was $545,765 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $585 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $240 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $255 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $4,984 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $8,047 Mil.
Net Income was $1,754 Mil.
Gross Profit was $117 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was $10,544 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was $3,193 Mil.
Revenue was $41,354 Mil.
Gross Profit was $41,354 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $377,206 Mil.
Total Assets was $538,370 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $185 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $124 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $277 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $5,609 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $8,445 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (2983.842 / 48612.429) | / | (3192.822 / 41353.771) |
| = | 0.06138 | / | 0.077208 |
| | = | 0.795 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (41353.771 / 41353.771) | / | (48612.429 / 48612.429) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (373845.311 + 585.198) / 545765.424) | / | (1 - (377206.082 + 185.28) / 538369.951) |
| = | 0.313935 | / | 0.299011 |
| | = | 1.0499 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 48612.429 | / | 41353.771 |
| | = | 1.1755 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (123.601 / (123.601 + 185.28)) | / | (240 / (240 + 585.198)) |
| = | 0.400157 | / | 0.290839 |
| | = | 1.3759 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (255.254 / 48612.429) | / | (277.007 / 41353.771) |
| = | 0.005251 | / | 0.006698 |
| | = | 0.784 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((8046.554 + 4983.842) / 545765.424) | / | ((8444.647 + 5608.759) / 538369.951) |
| = | 0.023875 | / | 0.026104 |
| | = | 0.9146 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (1753.672 - 117.288 | - | 10543.955) | / | 545765.424 |
| | = | -0.016321 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
CNP Assurances has a M-score of -2.46 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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