Swiss Re AG Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Swiss Re AG for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 0.9551 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 1 | + | 0.892 * 1.0027 | + | 0.115 * 1 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 1 | + | 4.679 * -0.007083 | - | 0.327 * 0.8453 |
| = | -2.50 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec23) TTM: | Last Year (Dec22) TTM: |
Total Receivables was CHF22,922 Mil.
Revenue was CHF43,009 Mil.
Gross Profit was CHF43,009 Mil.
Total Current Assets was CHF0 Mil.
Total Assets was CHF155,297 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was CHF0 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was CHF-59 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was CHF0 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was CHF0 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was CHF8,490 Mil.
Net Income was CHF2,779 Mil.
Gross Profit was CHF346 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was CHF3,534 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was CHF23,935 Mil.
Revenue was CHF42,894 Mil.
Gross Profit was CHF42,894 Mil.
Total Current Assets was CHF0 Mil.
Total Assets was CHF159,002 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was CHF0 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was CHF396 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was CHF0 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was CHF0 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was CHF10,283 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (22922.389 / 43009.098) | / | (23934.667 / 42893.659) |
| = | 0.532966 | / | 0.558 |
| | = | 0.9551 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (42893.659 / 42893.659) | / | (43009.098 / 43009.098) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (0 + 0) / 155297.325) | / | (1 - (0 + 0) / 159001.762) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 43009.098 | / | 42893.659 |
| | = | 1.0027 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (395.93 / (395.93 + 0)) | / | (-58.806 / (-58.806 + 0)) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (0 / 43009.098) | / | (0 / 42893.659) |
| = | 0 | / | 0 |
| | = | 1 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((8489.742 + 0) / 155297.325) | / | ((10283.001 + 0) / 159001.762) |
| = | 0.054668 | / | 0.064672 |
| | = | 0.8453 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (2779.467 - 345.92 | - | 3533.573) | / | 155297.325 |
| | = | -0.007083 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Swiss Re AG has a M-score of -2.50 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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