Frontier Management Beneish M-Score Historical Data
The historical data trend for Frontier Management's Beneish M-Score can be seen below:
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Frontier Management Beneish M-Score Chart
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Frontier Management Annual Data
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Dec19 |
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Dec22 |
Dec23 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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-2.15 |
-2.06 |
-2.33 |
-3.19 |
-1.39 |
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Frontier Management Quarterly Data
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| Beneish M-Score |
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-1.39 |
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Competitive Comparison of Frontier Management's Beneish M-Score
For the Specialty Business Services subindustry, Frontier Management's Beneish M-Score, along with its competitors' market caps and Beneish M-Score data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
Frontier Management's Beneish M-Score Distribution in the Business Services Industry
For the Business Services industry and Industrials sector, Frontier Management's Beneish M-Score distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where Frontier Management's Beneish M-Score falls into.
Frontier Management Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Frontier Management for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 1.2926 | + | 0.528 * 1.0736 | + | 0.404 * 1.5275 | + | 0.892 * 1.2665 | + | 0.115 * 0.7876 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 0.6845 | + | 4.679 * 0.051043 | - | 0.327 * 0.8135 |
| = | -1.39 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec23) TTM: | Last Year (Dec22) TTM: |
Total Receivables was 円1,494 Mil.
Revenue was 円10,025 Mil.
Gross Profit was 円5,527 Mil.
Total Current Assets was 円8,160 Mil.
Total Assets was 円10,875 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was 円638 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was 円103 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was 円407 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was 円2,569 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was 円1,352 Mil.
Net Income was 円781 Mil.
Gross Profit was 円0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 円226 Mil.
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Total Receivables was 円913 Mil.
Revenue was 円7,916 Mil.
Gross Profit was 円4,686 Mil.
Total Current Assets was 円4,276 Mil.
Total Assets was 円5,659 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was 円675 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was 円83 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was 円469 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was 円1,869 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was 円639 Mil.
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1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (1494.319 / 10025.083) | / | (912.827 / 7915.655) |
| = | 0.149058 | / | 0.115319 |
| | = | 1.2926 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (4685.528 / 7915.655) | / | (5527.385 / 10025.083) |
| = | 0.591932 | / | 0.551356 |
| | = | 1.0736 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (8159.931 + 638.103) / 10874.682) | / | (1 - (4276.116 + 675.118) / 5658.644) |
| = | 0.190962 | / | 0.125014 |
| | = | 1.5275 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 10025.083 | / | 7915.655 |
| | = | 1.2665 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (83.203 / (83.203 + 675.118)) | / | (103.275 / (103.275 + 638.103)) |
| = | 0.10972 | / | 0.139301 |
| | = | 0.7876 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (406.633 / 10025.083) | / | (469.08 / 7915.655) |
| = | 0.040562 | / | 0.05926 |
| | = | 0.6845 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((1352 + 2569.015) / 10874.682) | / | ((639.313 + 1868.624) / 5658.644) |
| = | 0.360564 | / | 0.443205 |
| | = | 0.8135 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (780.683 - 0 | - | 225.607) | / | 10874.682 |
| | = | 0.051043 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Frontier Management has a M-score of -1.39 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
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