Leading Holdings Group Beneish M-Score Historical Data
The historical data trend for Leading Holdings Group's Beneish M-Score can be seen below:
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Leading Holdings Group Beneish M-Score Chart
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Leading Holdings Group Annual Data
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Trend |
Dec17 |
Dec18 |
Dec19 |
Dec20 |
Dec21 |
Dec22 |
Dec23 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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-1.85 |
-1.61 |
-1.77 |
-4.43 |
-4.00 |
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Leading Holdings Group Semi-Annual Data
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Dec17 |
Dec18 |
Dec19 |
Jun20 |
Dec20 |
Jun21 |
Dec21 |
Jun22 |
Dec22 |
Jun23 |
Dec23 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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-1.77 |
- |
-4.43 |
- |
-4.00 |
Competitive Comparison of Leading Holdings Group's Beneish M-Score
For the Real Estate - Development subindustry, Leading Holdings Group's Beneish M-Score, along with its competitors' market caps and Beneish M-Score data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
Leading Holdings Group's Beneish M-Score Distribution in the Real Estate Industry
For the Real Estate industry and Real Estate sector, Leading Holdings Group's Beneish M-Score distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where Leading Holdings Group's Beneish M-Score falls into.
Leading Holdings Group Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Leading Holdings Group for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 0.5261 | + | 0.528 * -1.4981 | + | 0.404 * 1.3738 | + | 0.892 * 1.2958 | + | 0.115 * 0.9726 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 0.6989 | + | 4.679 * -0.047137 | - | 0.327 * 1.0257 |
| = | -4.00 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec23) TTM: | Last Year (Dec22) TTM: |
Total Receivables was HK$3,936 Mil.
Revenue was HK$20,228 Mil.
Gross Profit was HK$1,931 Mil.
Total Current Assets was HK$31,588 Mil.
Total Assets was HK$37,240 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was HK$328 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was HK$47 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was HK$1,431 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was HK$31,511 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was HK$2,352 Mil.
Net Income was HK$-1,443 Mil.
Gross Profit was HK$0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was HK$313 Mil.
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Total Receivables was HK$5,773 Mil.
Revenue was HK$15,610 Mil.
Gross Profit was HK$-2,233 Mil.
Total Current Assets was HK$53,609 Mil.
Total Assets was HK$60,329 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was HK$443 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was HK$62 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was HK$1,580 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was HK$48,567 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was HK$4,918 Mil.
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1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (3935.812 / 20227.826) | / | (5773.144 / 15610.34) |
| = | 0.194574 | / | 0.369828 |
| | = | 0.5261 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (-2232.958 / 15610.34) | / | (1931.384 / 20227.826) |
| = | -0.143044 | / | 0.095482 |
| | = | -1.4981 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (31588.016 + 328.13) / 37239.639) | / | (1 - (53608.591 + 443.188) / 60329.381) |
| = | 0.142952 | / | 0.104055 |
| | = | 1.3738 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 20227.826 | / | 15610.34 |
| | = | 1.2958 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (61.78 / (61.78 + 443.188)) | / | (47.214 / (47.214 + 328.13)) |
| = | 0.122344 | / | 0.125789 |
| | = | 0.9726 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (1430.595 / 20227.826) | / | (1579.74 / 15610.34) |
| = | 0.070724 | / | 0.101198 |
| | = | 0.6989 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((2351.503 + 31511.017) / 37239.639) | / | ((4917.791 + 48566.524) / 60329.381) |
| = | 0.909314 | / | 0.886538 |
| | = | 1.0257 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (-1442.785 - 0 | - | 312.572) | / | 37239.639 |
| | = | -0.047137 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Leading Holdings Group has a M-score of -4.00 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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