Discover Financial Services Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Discover Financial Services for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 1 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 0.9842 | + | 0.892 * 1.1136 | + | 0.115 * 1.2733 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 0.9447 | + | 4.679 * -0.041656 | - | 0.327 * 0.7756 |
| = | -2.47 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Mar24) TTM: | Last Year (Mar23) TTM: |
Total Receivables was €0 Mil.
Revenue was 3873.2 + 3847.732 + 3789.228 + 3579.394 = €15,090 Mil.
Gross Profit was 3873.2 + 3847.732 + 3789.228 + 3579.394 = €15,090 Mil.
Total Current Assets was €14,697 Mil.
Total Assets was €140,474 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was €1,018 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was €393 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was €3,375 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was €0 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was €18,837 Mil.
Net Income was 283.36 + 355.796 + 639.971 + 831.623 = €2,111 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = €0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 1695.56 + 2637.292 + 2238.493 + 1390.961 = €7,962 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was €0 Mil.
Revenue was 3495.028 + 3512.624 + 3502.68 + 3039.498 = €13,550 Mil.
Gross Profit was 3495.028 + 3512.624 + 3502.68 + 3039.498 = €13,550 Mil.
Total Current Assets was €11,169 Mil.
Total Assets was €124,279 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was €963 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was €529 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was €3,208 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was €4,523 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was €16,964 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (0 / 15089.554) | / | (0 / 13549.83) |
| = | 0 | / | 0 |
| | = | 1 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (13549.83 / 13549.83) | / | (15089.554 / 15089.554) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (14697 + 1018.44) / 140473.88) | / | (1 - (11168.772 + 962.954) / 124278.974) |
| = | 0.888126 | / | 0.902383 |
| | = | 0.9842 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 15089.554 | / | 13549.83 |
| | = | 1.1136 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (528.704 / (528.704 + 962.954)) | / | (392.847 / (392.847 + 1018.44)) |
| = | 0.35444 | / | 0.278361 |
| | = | 1.2733 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (3374.86 / 15089.554) | / | (3207.972 / 13549.83) |
| = | 0.223655 | / | 0.236754 |
| | = | 0.9447 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((18837 + 0) / 140473.88) | / | ((16964.242 + 4523.362) / 124278.974) |
| = | 0.134096 | / | 0.172898 |
| | = | 0.7756 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (2110.75 - 0 | - | 7962.306) | / | 140473.88 |
| | = | -0.041656 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Discover Financial Services has a M-score of -2.47 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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