Stifel Financial Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Stifel Financial for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 0.9409 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 0.9715 | + | 0.892 * 0.9656 | + | 0.115 * 0.8639 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 0.998 | + | 4.679 * 0.000746 | - | 0.327 * 1.0412 |
| = | -2.60 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec23) TTM: | Last Year (Dec22) TTM: |
Total Receivables was €1,151 Mil.
Revenue was 1037.127 + 965.708 + 956.79 + 1020.258 = €3,980 Mil.
Gross Profit was 1037.127 + 965.708 + 956.79 + 1020.258 = €3,980 Mil.
Total Current Assets was €5,657 Mil.
Total Assets was €34,596 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was €889 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was €76 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was €2,370 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was €2,221 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was €1,078 Mil.
Net Income was 148.998 + 63.867 + 124.007 + 147.141 = €484 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = €0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 252.335 + 215.944 + 349.598 + -359.658 = €458 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was €1,267 Mil.
Revenue was 1046.39 + 1041.879 + 1033.997 + 999.381 = €4,122 Mil.
Gross Profit was 1046.39 + 1041.879 + 1033.997 + 999.381 = €4,122 Mil.
Total Current Assets was €4,889 Mil.
Total Assets was €35,113 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was €921 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was €67 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was €2,459 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was €2,107 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was €1,109 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (1151.432 / 3979.883) | / | (1267.297 / 4121.647) |
| = | 0.289313 | / | 0.307473 |
| | = | 0.9409 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (4121.647 / 4121.647) | / | (3979.883 / 3979.883) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (5657.1 + 889.255) / 34596.081) | / | (1 - (4888.506 + 921.336) / 35113.141) |
| = | 0.810778 | / | 0.834539 |
| | = | 0.9715 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 3979.883 | / | 4121.647 |
| | = | 0.9656 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (66.823 / (66.823 + 921.336)) | / | (75.524 / (75.524 + 889.255)) |
| = | 0.067624 | / | 0.078281 |
| | = | 0.8639 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (2369.581 / 3979.883) | / | (2458.839 / 4121.647) |
| = | 0.59539 | / | 0.596567 |
| | = | 0.998 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((1078.052 + 2220.813) / 34596.081) | / | ((1108.779 + 2106.804) / 35113.141) |
| = | 0.095354 | / | 0.091578 |
| | = | 1.0412 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (484.013 - 0 | - | 458.219) | / | 34596.081 |
| | = | 0.000746 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Stifel Financial has a M-score of -2.60 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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