Charles Schwab Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Charles Schwab for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 1.3049 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 0.9993 | + | 0.892 * 0.8252 | + | 0.115 * 0.912 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 1.181 | + | 4.679 * -0.007563 | - | 0.327 * 1.305 |
| = | -2.53 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Mar24) TTM: | Last Year (Mar23) TTM: |
Total Receivables was R$354,407 Mil.
Revenue was 23604.252 + 21848.208 + 22747.652 + 22598.827 = R$90,799 Mil.
Gross Profit was 23604.252 + 21848.208 + 22747.652 + 22598.827 = R$90,799 Mil.
Total Current Assets was R$0 Mil.
Total Assets was R$2,334,451 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was R$17,848 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was R$6,808 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was R$32,527 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was R$0 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was R$113,863 Mil.
Net Income was 6782.488 + 5120.291 + 5556.038 + 6280.688 = R$23,740 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = R$0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was -6717.75 + 98177.293 + -24747.826 + -25316.899 = R$41,395 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was R$329,116 Mil.
Revenue was 26647.198 + 28833.964 + 28839.8 + 25707.936 = R$110,029 Mil.
Gross Profit was 26647.198 + 28833.964 + 28839.8 + 25707.936 = R$110,029 Mil.
Total Current Assets was R$0 Mil.
Total Assets was R$2,789,476 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was R$19,355 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was R$6,514 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was R$33,375 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was R$0 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was R$104,255 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (354407.386 / 90798.939) | / | (329115.808 / 110028.898) |
| = | 3.903211 | / | 2.991176 |
| | = | 1.3049 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (110028.898 / 110028.898) | / | (90798.939 / 90798.939) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (0 + 17847.603) / 2334450.563) | / | (1 - (0 + 19355.158) / 2789476.147) |
| = | 0.992355 | / | 0.993061 |
| | = | 0.9993 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 90798.939 | / | 110028.898 |
| | = | 0.8252 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (6514.286 / (6514.286 + 19355.158)) | / | (6807.934 / (6807.934 + 17847.603)) |
| = | 0.251814 | / | 0.276122 |
| | = | 0.912 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (32526.572 / 90798.939) | / | (33374.646 / 110028.898) |
| = | 0.358226 | / | 0.303326 |
| | = | 1.181 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((113863.127 + 0) / 2334450.563) | / | ((104255.338 + 0) / 2789476.147) |
| = | 0.048775 | / | 0.037375 |
| | = | 1.305 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (23739.505 - 0 | - | 41394.818) | / | 2334450.563 |
| | = | -0.007563 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Charles Schwab has a M-score of -2.53 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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