Edwards Lifesciences Beneish M-Score Historical Data
The historical data trend for Edwards Lifesciences's Beneish M-Score can be seen below:
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
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Edwards Lifesciences Annual Data
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Trend |
Dec14 |
Dec15 |
Dec16 |
Dec17 |
Dec18 |
Dec19 |
Dec20 |
Dec21 |
Dec22 |
Dec23 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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-2.39 |
-2.32 |
-2.49 |
-2.29 |
-1.99 |
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Edwards Lifesciences Quarterly Data
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Mar19 |
Jun19 |
Sep19 |
Dec19 |
Mar20 |
Jun20 |
Sep20 |
Dec20 |
Mar21 |
Jun21 |
Sep21 |
Dec21 |
Mar22 |
Jun22 |
Sep22 |
Dec22 |
Mar23 |
Jun23 |
Sep23 |
Dec23 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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-2.29 |
-2.22 |
-2.00 |
-2.08 |
-1.99 |
Competitive Comparison
For the Medical Devices subindustry, Edwards Lifesciences's Beneish M-Score, along with its competitors' market caps and Beneish M-Score data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
Edwards Lifesciences Beneish M-Score Distribution
For the Medical Devices & Instruments industry and Healthcare sector, Edwards Lifesciences's Beneish M-Score distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where Edwards Lifesciences's Beneish M-Score falls into.
Edwards Lifesciences Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Edwards Lifesciences for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 1.073 | + | 0.528 * 1.0377 | + | 0.404 * 0.8888 | + | 0.892 * 1.1156 | + | 0.115 * 1.0273 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 1.0433 | + | 4.679 * 0.073468 | - | 0.327 * 0.9786 |
| = | -1.99 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec23) TTM: | Last Year (Dec22) TTM: |
Total Receivables was $837 Mil.
Revenue was 1534.1 + 1480.9 + 1530.2 + 1459.6 = $6,005 Mil.
Gross Profit was 1177.2 + 1130.5 + 1187.2 + 1130.1 = $4,625 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $4,036 Mil.
Total Assets was $9,363 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $1,843 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $145 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $1,823 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $1,195 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $670 Mil.
Net Income was 369.9 + 384.9 + 307.1 + 340.5 = $1,402 Mil.
Non Operating Income was -23.5 + 3.6 + -118.8 + -42.6 = $-181 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 136.6 + 411.5 + 33.6 + 314.1 = $896 Mil.
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Total Receivables was $699 Mil.
Revenue was 1348.3 + 1319 + 1373.9 + 1341.2 = $5,382 Mil.
Gross Profit was 1090.4 + 1065.2 + 1104.5 + 1041.9 = $4,302 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $3,096 Mil.
Total Assets was $8,293 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $1,725 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $140 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $1,567 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $1,022 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $666 Mil.
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1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (836.9 / 6004.8) | / | (699.1 / 5382.4) |
| = | 0.139372 | / | 0.129886 |
| | = | 1.073 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (4302 / 5382.4) | / | (4625 / 6004.8) |
| = | 0.799272 | / | 0.770217 |
| | = | 1.0377 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (4035.7 + 1843.4) / 9363.2) | / | (1 - (3095.8 + 1725.1) / 8292.5) |
| = | 0.372106 | / | 0.418643 |
| | = | 0.8888 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 6004.8 | / | 5382.4 |
| | = | 1.1156 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (139.6 / (139.6 + 1725.1)) | / | (144.9 / (144.9 + 1843.4)) |
| = | 0.074865 | / | 0.072876 |
| | = | 1.0273 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (1823.4 / 6004.8) | / | (1566.5 / 5382.4) |
| = | 0.303657 | / | 0.291041 |
| | = | 1.0433 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((670 + 1195.4) / 9363.2) | / | ((665.8 + 1022.4) / 8292.5) |
| = | 0.199227 | / | 0.203582 |
| | = | 0.9786 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (1402.4 - -181.3 | - | 895.8) | / | 9363.2 |
| | = | 0.073468 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Edwards Lifesciences has a M-score of -1.99 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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