The AES Beneish M-Score Historical Data
The historical data trend for The AES's Beneish M-Score can be seen below:
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
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The AES Annual Data
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Trend |
Dec14 |
Dec15 |
Dec16 |
Dec17 |
Dec18 |
Dec19 |
Dec20 |
Dec21 |
Dec22 |
Dec23 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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-2.83 |
-2.83 |
-2.09 |
-2.41 |
-2.86 |
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The AES Quarterly Data
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Mar19 |
Jun19 |
Sep19 |
Dec19 |
Mar20 |
Jun20 |
Sep20 |
Dec20 |
Mar21 |
Jun21 |
Sep21 |
Dec21 |
Mar22 |
Jun22 |
Sep22 |
Dec22 |
Mar23 |
Jun23 |
Sep23 |
Dec23 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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|
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-2.41 |
-2.50 |
-2.74 |
-2.85 |
-2.86 |
Competitive Comparison
For the Utilities - Diversified subindustry, The AES's Beneish M-Score, along with its competitors' market caps and Beneish M-Score data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
The AES Beneish M-Score Distribution
For the Utilities - Regulated industry and Utilities sector, The AES's Beneish M-Score distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where The AES's Beneish M-Score falls into.
The AES Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of The AES for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 0.7861 | + | 0.528 * 1.0217 | + | 0.404 * 0.9133 | + | 0.892 * 1.004 | + | 0.115 * 1.2045 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 1.2655 | + | 4.679 * -0.031608 | - | 0.327 * 0.9851 |
| = | -2.86 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec23) TTM: | Last Year (Dec22) TTM: |
Total Receivables was $1,420 Mil.
Revenue was 2968 + 3434 + 3027 + 3239 = $12,668 Mil.
Gross Profit was 494 + 918 + 498 + 594 = $2,504 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $6,649 Mil.
Total Assets was $44,799 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $29,958 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $1,128 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $263 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $9,731 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $22,746 Mil.
Net Income was -94 + 231 + -39 + 151 = $249 Mil.
Non Operating Income was -806 + -256 + -240 + -67 = $-1,369 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 725 + 1122 + 562 + 625 = $3,034 Mil.
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Total Receivables was $1,799 Mil.
Revenue was 3060 + 3627 + 3078 + 2852 = $12,617 Mil.
Gross Profit was 563 + 892 + 563 + 530 = $2,548 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $7,643 Mil.
Total Assets was $38,363 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $23,039 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $1,053 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $207 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $6,491 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $21,740 Mil.
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1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (1420 / 12668) | / | (1799 / 12617) |
| = | 0.112093 | / | 0.142585 |
| | = | 0.7861 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (2548 / 12617) | / | (2504 / 12668) |
| = | 0.20195 | / | 0.197663 |
| | = | 1.0217 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (6649 + 29958) / 44799) | / | (1 - (7643 + 23039) / 38363) |
| = | 0.182861 | / | 0.200219 |
| | = | 0.9133 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 12668 | / | 12617 |
| | = | 1.004 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (1053 / (1053 + 23039)) | / | (1128 / (1128 + 29958)) |
| = | 0.043707 | / | 0.036286 |
| | = | 1.2045 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (263 / 12668) | / | (207 / 12617) |
| = | 0.020761 | / | 0.016406 |
| | = | 1.2655 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((22746 + 9731) / 44799) | / | ((21740 + 6491) / 38363) |
| = | 0.724949 | / | 0.735891 |
| | = | 0.9851 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (249 - -1369 | - | 3034) | / | 44799 |
| | = | -0.031608 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
The AES has a M-score of -2.86 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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