ORIX Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of ORIX for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 0.9787 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 0.9697 | + | 0.892 * 1.0152 | + | 0.115 * 1.0269 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 0.9858 | + | 4.679 * -0.063072 | - | 0.327 * 1.0874 |
| = | -2.82 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec23) TTM: | Last Year (Dec22) TTM: |
Total Receivables was $10,690 Mil.
Revenue was 2899.664 + 2941.817 + 3126.266 + 3355.399 = $12,323 Mil.
Gross Profit was 2899.664 + 2941.817 + 3126.266 + 3355.399 = $12,323 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $34,595 Mil.
Total Assets was $109,522 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $18,294 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $2,659 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $9,635 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $10,271 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $37,097 Mil.
Net Income was 632.755 + 440.556 + 445.436 + 457.527 = $1,976 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = $0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 2330.549 + 2665.832 + 1392.916 + 2494.787 = $8,884 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was $10,758 Mil.
Revenue was 2898.859 + 2878.012 + 2992.754 + 3368.576 = $12,138 Mil.
Gross Profit was 2898.859 + 2878.012 + 2992.754 + 3368.576 = $12,138 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $33,428 Mil.
Total Assets was $107,875 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $16,925 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $2,536 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $9,627 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $7,627 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $35,279 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (10689.79 / 12323.146) | / | (10758.471 / 12138.201) |
| = | 0.867456 | / | 0.886332 |
| | = | 0.9787 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (12138.201 / 12138.201) | / | (12323.146 / 12323.146) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (34595.431 + 18293.586) / 109522.328) | / | (1 - (33428.386 + 16924.659) / 107874.673) |
| = | 0.517094 | / | 0.533226 |
| | = | 0.9697 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 12323.146 | / | 12138.201 |
| | = | 1.0152 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (2535.821 / (2535.821 + 16924.659)) | / | (2658.608 / (2658.608 + 18293.586)) |
| = | 0.130306 | / | 0.126889 |
| | = | 1.0269 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (9634.958 / 12323.146) | / | (9627.302 / 12138.201) |
| = | 0.781859 | / | 0.793141 |
| | = | 0.9858 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((37097.412 + 10271.056) / 109522.328) | / | ((35279.428 + 7626.539) / 107874.673) |
| = | 0.432501 | / | 0.397739 |
| | = | 1.0874 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (1976.274 - 0 | - | 8884.084) | / | 109522.328 |
| | = | -0.063072 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
ORIX has a M-score of -2.82 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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