Community Bank System Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Community Bank System for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 1.0802 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 1.1045 | + | 0.892 * 0.9596 | + | 0.115 * 1.1325 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 1.1466 | + | 4.679 * -0.006203 | - | 0.327 * 0.6816 |
| = | -2.33 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec23) TTM: | Last Year (Dec22) TTM: |
Total Receivables was $54.5 Mil.
Revenue was 176.959 + 175.372 + 175.263 + 124.283 = $651.9 Mil.
Gross Profit was 176.959 + 175.372 + 175.263 + 124.283 = $651.9 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $3,165.5 Mil.
Total Assets was $15,555.8 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $173.4 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $28.4 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $297.5 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $211.7 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $407.6 Mil.
Net Income was 33.706 + 44.129 + 48.291 + 5.798 = $131.9 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = $0.0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 44.706 + 64.858 + 41.482 + 77.374 = $228.4 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was $52.6 Mil.
Revenue was 175.929 + 175.643 + 167.238 + 160.545 = $679.4 Mil.
Gross Profit was 175.929 + 175.643 + 167.238 + 160.545 = $679.4 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $4,414.4 Mil.
Total Assets was $15,835.7 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $160.8 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $30.4 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $270.4 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $902.3 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $22.7 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (54.534 / 651.877) | / | (52.613 / 679.355) |
| = | 0.083657 | / | 0.077446 |
| | = | 1.0802 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (679.355 / 679.355) | / | (651.877 / 651.877) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (3165.488 + 173.418) / 15555.753) | / | (1 - (4414.36 + 160.778) / 15835.651) |
| = | 0.785359 | / | 0.711086 |
| | = | 1.1045 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 651.877 | / | 679.355 |
| | = | 0.9596 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (30.426 / (30.426 + 160.778)) | / | (28.351 / (28.351 + 173.418)) |
| = | 0.159128 | / | 0.140512 |
| | = | 1.1325 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (297.534 / 651.877) | / | (270.434 / 679.355) |
| = | 0.456427 | / | 0.398075 |
| | = | 1.1466 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((407.603 + 211.697) / 15555.753) | / | ((22.723 + 902.263) / 15835.651) |
| = | 0.039812 | / | 0.058412 |
| | = | 0.6816 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (131.924 - 0 | - | 228.42) | / | 15555.753 |
| | = | -0.006203 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Community Bank System has a M-score of -2.33 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
Quick Browse
Personalize
Premium Gurus 
Create New Portfolio
Portfolio Contest
CBU has been successfully added to your